在英语中的虚拟语气用法(Conditional sentences条件从句)几乎是英语考试中的必考题,虚拟语气的条件从句一般由主句+从句组成,而从句一般是if或unless开头,主句从句前后关系可以颠倒,下面是一些示例:
We'll be late if we don't leave now.
We'll be late unless we leave now.
If we don't leave now, we'll be late.
Unless we leave now, we'll be late.
一般虚拟语气分为大致三种使用场景,如下所示:
type | condition |
---|---|
1 | condition possible to fulfill 可能满足的条件 |
2 | condition in theory possible to fulfill 理论上可能实现的条件,已经过去了 |
3 | condition not possible to fulfill (too late) 几乎不可能去实现的条件(已经太晚了) |
针对虚拟语气上述三种使用场景,对应着的动词也会有三种相对应的变化,如下所示:
type | if-clause(从句) | main clause(主句) |
---|---|---|
1 | Simple Present 一般现在时 | will-future or (Modal + infinitive) 情态动词+动词原形 |
2 | Simple Past 一般过去式 | would + infinitive * 情态动词过去式+动词原形 |
3 | Past Perfect 过去完成时 | would + have + past participle * 情态动词过去式+have+动词过去分词 |
以下部分将用一些英语例句来讲解虚拟语气(条件从句)的用法
类型1用法:
主句一般will, can, may, 或 might 等情态动词+动词原形组成,从句则用if+动词原形,下面是第一种情况的使用示例。
If you take the first bus, you'll get there on time.
如果你搭第一班公交,你将会按时到达那儿
She'll be cold if she doesn't wear a coat.
如果她不穿外套会觉得冷
If you need more helpers, I can try and get some time off work.
如果你需要更多的帮手,我可以试着请假
1:表示指向的是未来,主句中的情况很可能会发生的情况
They will not finish their homework unless they start now.
除非他现在就开始,否则无法完成家庭作业
If you book early, you will get a seat.
如果你预定早一点,你就可以获得一个座位
2:表示的是客观真理的情况
If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
水加到100摄氏度就会沸腾
Plants die if they don't get enough water.
如果植物没有浇足够水就会死去
3:表示建议或意见的情况
If a red light shows here, switch off the machine.
如果此处显示红灯,请关闭机器
If you're thinking of buying a lawnmower, you could try mine first.
如果你想买一台割草机,你可以先试试我的
You should turn down his radio if you don't want the neighbours to complain.
如果你不希望邻居抱怨,你就应该关掉收音机
类型2用法:
主句用情态动词过去式would, could, or might+动词原形,从句则用if+动词一般过去式,下面是一些使用示例:
If Jim lent us his car, we could go to the party.
如果Jim借给了我们车,我们可以去参加party
We would save £3.50 a day if we didn't eat any lunch.
如果我们不吃中餐,我们每天就可以省下3.5欧元
If burglars broke into my house, they wouldn't find any money.
如果小偷进入了房间,他们也不可能找到一分钱
Would you be very angry if I failed my exam?
如果我考试失败了,你会生气吗
1:表示假设的情况,过去虚拟语气,已经过去了:
If I were you, I'd phone her straight away.
如果我是你,我会马上给她打电话
2:处于想象的情形,意味着if语句中的操作可能不会发生
If I won the lottery, I would buy a house in France.
(…but I don't think I'll win the lottery.)
如果我中了彩票,我会在发过买一套大房子(但我不认为自己会中彩票)
If you didn't spend all your money on lottery tickets, you could afford a holiday.
(…but you do spend all your money on lottery tickets.)
如果你没有把所有钱花在彩票上,你就能支付得起这次假期的费用了(事实上你已经花完了所有钱在彩票上了)
类型三用法:
主句使用would, could, or might + have + 动词过去分词,从句使用过去完成时,下面是一些示例:
We could have had a longer holiday, if we hadn't spent so much money on the house.
如果我们没有在房子上花这么多钱,我们本可以有一个更长的假期
If I had known about the exam, I would have paid more attention in class.
如果我知道要考试,我会在课堂上多用心读书
说明:
在类型 3 的句子中,说话者从现在回顾过去的时间和事件。 说话者正在谈论可能发生但没有发生的事情,要么是因为做错了事,要么是因为什么都没做, 这种类型的句子用于找借口,表示遗憾,责备或解释等。